Since the seventies of the last century the demand side policy has lost much of its popularity. The present column sketches the developments of the political debate at the time. For this purpose, first the views of the then leading persons Den Uyl, Lubbers, Kok, and Wagner are analyzed. Next the rise of the new theoretical ideas are sketched. The demand side policy bases on the Phillips curve. The economists Friedman and Lucas doubt its validity, and stress the importance of the adapting and rational expectations .... Read more
29-08-2019: Social-democratic views on the general interest (3)
Author: E.A. Bakkum
During the preceding months two columns about the social-democratic views on the general interest have appeared. They allow the social-democracy to translate the collective well-being into a political target- or policy-function. However, in the course of time this view has changed considerably, The present column describes the views of six leaders from the most recent decades, namely Hans van den Doel, Helmut Schmidt, François Mitterrand, Paul Kalma, Femke Halsema, and Gerhard Schröder. They clearly illustrate the rise of the Third way ideology .... Read more
17-08-2019: Social-democratic views on the general interest (2)
Author: E.A. Bakkum
The democracy can only prosper, when the state succeeds in translating the desires of the citizens into a good policy. This column analyzes the philosophical ideas about this problem, and notably how the various political thinkers want to morally fill in the general interest. Their design appears to rest on two pillars, namely the security of existence and the personal autonomy. Views from the social-democratic history are studied, namely those of Karl Kautsky, Pieter Jelles Troelstra, Joop den Uyl, Oskar Lafontaine, Anthony Giddens, and Wouter Bos .... Read more
08-08-2019: Economic statistics of Europe and North-America
Author: E.A. Bakkum
Nowadays there are sufficient statistical data available (also on the internet) to compare the performances of various economical systems. Thus time series can be constructed, as well as cross sections for a number of states. The present column makes such an analysis for the economic growth rate, the labour productivity, the unemployment, the budget deficit, the public debt, the trade balance, and the size of the administration. The data are copied from the files at Eurostat and at the Groningen Growth and Development Centre .... Read more
05-08-2019: The development of the European market
Author: E.A. Bakkum
For the time being the European Union is globally the most powerful trading block. Moreover, the united European market is not yet finished, but in full development. That process creates uncertainty, but it also offers chances. The present column tries to sketch this fascinating phenomenon in rough lines. The information is notably copied from Industrial organization in context by Stephen Martin, and from Économie, sociologie et histoire du monde contemporain by Alain Beitone. In addition Economic planning and policies has been consulted. Next it is sketched how the Great Recession since 2007 influences Europe .... Read more